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800 BC| c. 900 BC–c. 740 BC | Italy [everyday life] | The Iron Age Villanovan culture is spreading in Italy, named after a typical site at Villanova near Bologna. There is greater skill in metallurgy and a gradual increase in the use of iron. Cremation is practised, with ashes being placed in an urn in a round hole in the ground. One of the main areas of Villanovan culture is Etruria. | | c. 900 BC–c. 500 BC | Central America [everyday life] | La Venta becomes the major centre of the second phase of Olmec civilization in Mexico. The site of San Lorenzo is abandoned, possibly in a violent overthrow of the local elite, or possibly for religious reasons. La Venta is a ceremonial or elite centre, supported by a large agricultural population. It has a large main pyramid in addition to smaller ones. | | c. 900 BC–c. 800 BC | Europe [materials] | The use of iron spreads into Europe, particularly to Hallstatt (Austria). | | c. 800 BC | Greece [sports] | Book XXIII of the Greek epic poem The Iliad contains the earliest known extensive description of a sporting event, the Funeral Games of Patroclus. It is mostly devoted to chariot racing, but there are briefer descriptions of boxing, wrestling, discus and javelin throwing, and foot races. In another epic poem, The Odyssey, Homer describes a game resembling team handball, which he says was invented by Angagalla, a Spartan princess. | | c. 800 BC | Greece [colonization] | The Greeks begin colonization and foundation of new cities along the mid-Mediterranean and Aegean coasts. This movement is caused by increased prosperity and the pressure of expanding populations. | | c. 800 BC | India [Hinduism] | The Hindu metaphysical treatises Upanishads, sacred texts in Hinduism, are begun. The earlier Upanishads, written in archaic Sanskrit, are completed before 500 BC, though they continue to be produced for centuries. |
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