Because PbB concentrations have a highly positively skewed distribution, we used log-transformed PbB concentration data in all linear regression analyses, and used antilog transformations to convert mean log PbB concentration values to geometric mean (GM) PbB concentration values and to convert regression coefficients estimating changes in mean log PbB concentration to estimated ratios of GM PbB concentrations.

death rate and taking the antilog gives an estimate of the death rate that would occur if the percent of income going to the lowest decile were the same in the United States as in that in the other country.

In the later Monte Carlo simulations, the antilog of this factor will be used as the geometric standard deviation of a log-normally distributed multiplier for the life-stage--specific risks with a geometric mean of 1.