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13 August| 13 August 1099 | Papal States, Italy [administration] | Cardinal Rainer is elected as Pope Paschal II. | | 13 August 1521 | Spain, Mexico, Aztec Empire [wars] | A Spanish force under the conquistador Hernán Cortés, aided by Tlaxcalan allies, completes its capture of the smouldering ruin of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlán, in the Valley of Mexico, after an eight-week siege and bitter street fighting. The surrender of the Aztec ruler Cuauhtemoc hands Mexico to Spain. | | 13 August 1630 | Holy Roman Empire [Thirty Years War (1618–48)] | The Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II dismisses his commander in chief Albrecht von Wallenstein. Count Johan Tserclaus von Tilly assumes command of his army. The emperor is no longer able to dictate to the Catholic League. | | 13 August 1704 | UK, Austria, Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire, France, Bavaria, Germany [War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714)] | The allied army commanded by the English general John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, and the Austrian general Prince Eugène of Savoy defeats the Franco-Bavarian army of the French marshal Camille, comte de Tallart, at Blenheim (Blindheim), Bavaria, on the River Danube. The first major French military defeat for 50 years, the allied victory ends the danger of a Franco-Bavarian advance on Vienna, the Austrian capital, and removes Bavaria, France's last German ally, from the War of the Spanish Succession. | | 13 August 1849 | Hungary, Russian Empire, Austrian Empire [revolution] | The army of Lajos Kossuth's Hungarian Republic capitulates at Vilagos, Hungary, after determined but hopeless resistance, to Russian troops under General Ivan Paskievich, sent to aid Austria in putting down the Hungarian revolt. | | 13 August 1888 | Scotland [births and deaths] | John Logie Baird, Scottish engineer who is the first to televise moving pictures, born in Helensburgh, Dunbarton, Scotland (–1946). | | 13 August 1899 | England [births and deaths] | Alfred Hitchcock, US film director known for his films of suspense, born in London, England (–1980). | | 13 August 1910 | [births and deaths] | Florence Nightingale, ‘Lady of the Lamp’, English nurse who was in charge of nursing the British troops during the Crimean War and who established nursing as a profession for women, dies in London, England (90). | | 13 August 1926 | [births and deaths] | Fidel Castro, Cuban communist revolutionary and leader of Cuba from 1959, born near Birán, Cuba. | | 13 August 1940 | UK, Germany [World War II (1939–45)] | The German Luftwaffe (air force) makes 1,786 sorties in the Battle of Britain, against 975 by the British Royal Air Force. It is known as ‘Adler Tag’ (Eagle Day), the most intense 24 hours of the Battle of Britain, and marks the beginning of ‘Adlerangraft’ (Eagle War), a two-week attack on RAF Fighter Command's aircraft, airfields, and installations. | | 13 August 1946 | England [births and deaths] | H G Wells, English novelist, sociologist, and historian, who wrote The Time Machine, The War of the Worlds, and The Invisible Man, dies in London, England (70). | | 13 August 1966 | China [political events] | The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, in its first plenary session since 1962, endorses the ‘Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution’, the movement to ‘purify’ Chinese communism through a purge of the intelligentsia. | | 13 August 1973 | USA [golf] | The US golfer Jack Nicklaus wins the US Professional Golfers Association (PGA) championship at Canterbury, Cleveland, Ohio to surpass US golfer Bobby Jones's 1930 record of 13 major championship victories. He also becomes the first golfer to earn more than $2 million in winnings. | | 13 August 2004 | Greece [Olympic Games] | The 28th Olympic Games open in Athens, Greece, attended by more than 10,500 competitors representing 202 national teams in 301 medal events. |
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