Boniface VIII (c. 1235–1303)
Pope from 1294. He clashed unsuccessfully with Philip IV of France over his taxation of the clergy, and also with Henry III of England.
Boniface exempted the clergy from taxation by the secular government in a bull (edict) 1296, but was forced to give way when the clergy were excluded from certain lay privileges. His bull of 1302 Unam sanctam, asserting the complete temporal and spiritual power of the papacy, was equally ineffective.
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