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British Civil Wars (1642–51) - events| 22 August 1642 | UK | The English Civil War officially begins when King Charles I raises his standard at Nottingham, England. | | 2 July 1644 | UK | A combined English parliamentarian army under Oliver Cromwell, the Earl of Manchester, and Thomas Fairfax decisively defeats the Royalists, led by Prince Rupert, nephew of King Charles I, at the Battle of Marston Moor near York. The Royalists suffer heavy losses and the defeat consolidates Parliament's control of the north of England. | | 2 September 1644 | UK | The Earl of Essex's 6,000-strong infantry force surrenders to the Royalist army under King Charles I at Lostwithiel, Cornwall, England, during the English Civil War. Essex is forced to escape by sea. The victory, along with others in 1644, puts Charles in a good position to launch an attack on London, England. | | 27 October 1644 | UK | Parliamentarian forces under Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester, William Waller, and Oliver Cromwell fail to capture a small Royalist force under King Charles I at the second Battle of Newbury of the English Civil War, allowing it to escape to Oxford instead. The failure leads directly to the formation of the New Model Army in an attempt to raise standards and create better coordination between various parts of the parliamentarian army. | | February 1645 | UK | The parliamentarian New Model Army is established to replace the individual association armies (county and regional armies) organized on a regional basis between 1642 and 1643. The new army has a force of about 22,000 men and a unified command structure, with Thomas Fairfax as captain general and Philip Skippon as major general. It officially enters the field for combat in the English Civil War in May. | | 14 June 1645 | UK | The English parliamentarian New Model Army has its first major success when, commanded by Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell, it decisively defeats Royalist forces under King Charles I and his nephew Prince Rupert at the Battle of Naseby, Northamptonshire. Around 5,000 Royalists are taken prisoner. | | 5 May 1646 | UK | Having left Oxford in disguise on 27 April, following Parliament's success in mopping up the final Royalist pockets of resistance in England, King Charles I surrenders to the Scots at Southwall, near Newark, Nottinghamshire. | | 6 August 1647 | UK | The New Model Army, under Oliver Cromwell, enters London, England, and takes control of Parliament and the City of London. | | 1648 | UK | A series of regional uprisings occur in England against the New Model Army and radicals in Parliament. These take place in Wales in March, Kent in May, and Essex in June. A naval mutiny also takes place on 27 May 1648 in the Downs and a Leveller officer is removed. In addition, a Royalist revival takes place when the town of Pembroke declares for King Charles I in March and Berwick and Carlisle are taken by Royalist supporters in April. The scene is set for a second Civil War in England. | | 8 July 1648 | UK | A Scottish army under James, Duke of Hamilton, crosses the border and invades England in support of King Charles I (who is still captive in Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight). | | 17 August 1648 | UK | The English parliamentarian commander Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army defeat the invading Scottish forces, under James, 3rd Marquis and 1st Duke of Hamilton, at the Battle of Preston. | | 28 August 1648 | UK | After a siege that started on 14 June, parliamentarian forces under General Thomas Fairfax take the town of Colchester, Essex, England, from its Royalist governor Charles Lucas, together with 4,000 troops. The surrender marks the end of the second Civil War in Essex and southeast England. | | 2 August 1649 | UK | Irish Royalists under the Earl of Ormonde, who have risen in support of Charles II, the son and heir of the late King Charles I of Great Britain and Ireland, are defeated by parliamentarian forces at the Battle of Rathmines, near Dublin, Ireland. | | 3 September 1651 | UK, France | English supreme commander Oliver Cromwell defeats King Charles II at the battle of Worcester, England. Charles subsequently escapes, arriving in France in mid-October. | | May 1652 | UK | The surrender of Galway to the English parliamentarian army marks the end of Royalist resistance to the English supreme commander Oliver Cromwell and the completion of the pacification of Ireland. |
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