Calles, Plutarco Elías (1877–1945)

Mexican political leader, president 1924–28. His administration saw the construction of new roads and irrigation works, as well as land reforms. In 1928 he retired to become a landowner and financier, but founded the National Revolutionary Party in 1929 through which he controlled succeeding presidents.

Known for his fanatical anticlericalism and his efforts to restrict foreign influence in the oil industry, he was defeated by Lázaro Cárdenas and exiled to the USA in 1936 as a result of his criticism. He was allowed to return in 1941.

Born in Guaymas, Sonora, he became a school teacher. He took part in the revolt against Porfirio Díaz in 1911 as an ally of Venustiano Carranza, and became governor of Sonora 1917–19 and secretary of the interior 1920–23.