Clement VIII (1536–1605)
| Pope 1592–1605. A fervent supporter of the Counter-Reformation, he issued a new edition of the Index prohibitorum and supported the execution of Giordano Bruno. In 1598 he annexed Ferrara to the Papal States, after the death of the last duke without legitimate heirs. |
| He was born in Fano, near Pesaro, and studied law at Padua, Perugia, and Bologna. He held numerous offices in the Roman curia, became a cardinal in 1585, and pope in 1592. One of his advisors was St Philip Neri. |
| He reduced Spanish influence in the college of cardinals, and recognized Henry IV as king of France in 1593. He arranged the Treaty of Vervins between France and Spain in 1598, and tried to resolve a controversy between the Jesuits and Dominicans concerning grace and free will. He was also responsible for a new standard edition of the Vulgate (the Sistine-Clementine version) and for revisions of the missal, breviary, and pontifical. |
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