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Constantine IX Monomachus (c. 980–1055)| Byzantine emperor 1042–55. During his reign Byzantine influence in Italy practically disappeared, owing to the conquest of Lombardy by the Normans. A weak and extravagant ruler, he mismanaged the Empire's finances, economized on its defence, and left it in a considerably weaker position. |
| Cultural activities, however, flourished, and he refounded the University of Constantinople in 1045. |
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