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Counter-Reformation |
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Counter-ReformationMovement initiated by the Catholic Church at the Council of Trent (1545-63) to counter the spread of the Reformation. Extending into the 17th century, its dominant forces included the rise of the Jesuits as an educating and missionary group and the deployment of the Spanish Inquisition in Europe and the Americas. See also Germany: history 1519-1815, impact of the Counter-Reformation; and Spain: history 1492-1936, reign of Philip II. |
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| Inspired by Counter Reformation zeal, the establishment of the Guarani Missions in the early 1600s was one of the most noteworthy efforts of the Jesuits in the New World. In this respect, the Counter Reformation in Milan in the later sixteenth century was dominated by the ideas and teachings of Cardinal Carlo Borromeo (see Lewis Lockwood, The Counter-Reformation and the Masses of Vincenzo Ruffo [1970]). These "Forgotten Centuries" of foreign domination, economic crises, the Counter Reformation, and the Enlightenment were also centuries of important public and private artistic patronage. |
Counter Reformation
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