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18 December| 18 December 1055 | Mesopotamia, Seljuk Sultanate [wars] | The city of Baghdad surrenders to the Seljuk Turks, who thus end Buwayhid rule. Tughril Beg is proclaimed sultan, and the Abbasid caliph remains the spiritual leader of Sunni Muslims, under Seljuk control. | | 18 December 1352 | Italy [administration] | The French clergyman Etienne Aubert is elected Pope Innocent VI and sets aside the ‘compromise’ made by cardinals before his election, which was designed to restrict papal prerogatives. | | 18 December 1385 | Burgundy, Flanders [treaties] | The Peace of Tournai between Philip the Bold of Burgundy and the weavers of Ghent, Flanders, ends a period of social upheaval in Flanders. | | 18 December 1737 | Italy [births and deaths] | Antonio Stradivari, Italian violin-maker, dies in Cremona, Duchy of Milan (c. 93). | | 18 December 1879 | Switzerland [births and deaths] | Paul Klee, Swiss Abstract artist, born in Münchenbuchsee, near Bern, Switzerland (–1940). | | 18 December 1890 | Uganda, UK [colonization] | Sir Frederick Lugard occupies Uganda for the British East Africa Company. | | 18–19 December 1915 | Anatolia, Ottoman Empire [World War I (1914–18)] | In a highly successful evacuation, Allied troops withdraw from Suvla Bay and Anzac Cove on the Gallipoli Peninsula following the failure of the Dardanelles campaign. | | 18 December 1957 | USA [energy] | The first full-scale commercial nuclear power station in the USA opens at Shippingport, Pennsylvania. It produces 60,000 kilowatts of electricity. | | 18 December 1971 | USA [births and deaths] | Bobby Jones, US amateur golfer, the first man to win the Grand Slam – the British and US Amateur and Open Championships – dies in Atlanta, Georgia (69). | | 18 December 1971 | USA [banking and finance] | The USA devalues the dollar by 7.9% and lifts its import surcharge. Other major currencies are realigned accordingly. |
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