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30 December| 30 December 1370 | France [administration] | Pierre Roger de Beaufort is elected Pope Gregory XI following the death of Pope Urban V. | | 30 December 1460 | England [Wars of the Roses (1455–85)] | Richard, duke of York, claimant to the English throne, besieged in Sandal Castle in Yorkshire, England, following grievous Lancastrian attacks throughout his journey to pacify Yorkshire, is killed near Wakefield, Yorkshire. His head, along with that of the earl of Salisbury, is impaled on the city gates of York, England (49). | | 30 December 1691 | Ireland, England [births and deaths] | Robert Boyle, Anglo-Irish chemist and natural philosopher, who conducted pioneering experiments on the properties of gases, dies in London, England (64). | | 30 December 1703 | Japan [natural disasters] | An earthquake and resulting fire kills around 200,000 people and destroys the city of Edo (modern Tokyo), Japan. | | 30 December 1865 | England, India [births and deaths] | Rudyard Kipling, English novelist, short-story writer, and poet, born in Bombay (now Mumbai), India (–1936). | | 30 December 1903 | USA [theatre and dance] | A fire at the Iroquois Theater in Chicago, Illinois, during an Eddie Foy performance, kills 588 people. The public outcry helps lead to the passage of theatre safety codes in many US cities. | | 30 December 1922 | USSR [political events] | The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) is established through the confederation of Russia, Belarus, the Ukraine, and the Transcaucasian Federation. | | 30 December 1958 | Africa [international organizations] | The French West African states of Chad, Congo, Gabon, Mali, Mauritania, and Senegal decide to form a federation within the French Community. | | 30 December 2006 | Iraq [births and deaths] | Saddam Hussein, former Iraqi dictator from 1979–2003, is executed for crimes against humanity in Baghdad, Iraq (69). |
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