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existence| In philosophy, what is common to everything that there is. Like being, existence is a fundamental notion in metaphysics generally. Existence can be contrasted with being, as in some types of existentialism; or it can be contrasted with essence, as in the work of Thomas Aquinas. |
| In medieval and rationalist metaphysics, existence is perfection. The ontological argument – God is perfect; existence is a perfection; therefore, God exists necessarily – turns on whether existence can be a predicate or property, which German philosopher Immanuel Kant denied. |
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