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22 February| 22 February 1240 | Italy, Holy Roman Empire, Sicily, Germany [wars] | The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II reaches the outskirts of Rome, but withdraws to Sicily when Pope Gregory IX rouses the Romans to resist. Gregory, ineffectively, orders a crusade against Frederick in Germany. | | 22 February 1281 | Papal States, Italy, Sicily [administration] | Simon de Brie is elected Pope Martin IV. He appoints Charles of Anjou, King of Sicily, as senator of Rome. | | 22 February 1512 | Spain [births and deaths] | Amerigo Vespucci, Italian-born Spanish explorer who participated in a number of voyages to the New World and after whom North and South America are named, dies in Seville, Spain (57). | | 22 February 1732 | USA [births and deaths] | George Washington, commander in chief during the American Revolution, and first president of the USA 1789–97, born in Westmoreland County, Virginia (–1799). | | 22 February 1836 | France [law and government] | The first ministry of the moderate liberal Adolphe Thiers is formed in France, temporarily stabilizing French politics. | | 22 February 1886 | UK [newspapers] | The British newspaper The Times introduces a ‘personal column’ in its classified advertising section. | | 22 February 1913 | [births and deaths] | Ferdinand de Saussure, Swiss linguist whose ideas about the structure of language laid the foundation of modern linguistics, dies in Geneva, Switzerland (55). | | 22 February 1974 | Pakistan, Bangladesh [diplomacy] | Pakistan recognizes Bangladesh as an independent nation at the start of the Islamic summit conference in Lahore, Pakistan. | | 22 February 1979 | St Lucia, UK [decolonization] | St Lucia, in the West Indies, gains its independence from Britain. | | 22 February 2001 | [human rights] | At the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, sitting at The Hague in the Netherlands, mass rape is judged to be a war crime and a crime against humanity for the first time in legal history. | | 22 February 2002 | UK [health and medicine] | The use of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment and embryo screening to create a child capable of saving the life of another is sanctioned for the first time by the UK human fertilization and embryology authority. |
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