Frederick (I) Barbarossa (c. 1123–1190)
Holy Roman Emperor from 1152. Originally duke of Swabia, he was elected emperor in 1152, and was engaged in a struggle with Pope Alexander III 1159–77, which ended in his submission; the Lombard cities, headed by Milan, took advantage of this to establish their independence of imperial control. Frederick joined the Third Crusade, and was drowned while crossing a river in Anatolia.
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