Friends, Society of

Christian Protestant sect founded by George Fox in England in the 1660s. They were persecuted for their nonviolent activism, and many emigrated to form communities elsewhere; for example, in Pennsylvania and New England. The worldwide movement had about 219,800 members in 1997. Their faith is based on the belief that God speaks individually to everyone. They have no sacraments or formal creed, and rely on the Holy Spirit for guidance. Worship is simple and stresses meditation. Services (called meetings) are held in a meeting house and have no set form; all are free to take an active part. There are no clergy, but elders are elected. The Friends are pacifists.

The name ‘Quakers’ is said to have come from Fox's reprimand to a judge, whom he told to ‘quake and fear at the word (of God)’. Originally marked out by their sober dress and use of ‘thee’ and ‘thou’ to all as a sign of equality, they incurred penalties by their pacifism and refusal to take oaths or pay tithes. In the 19th century many Friends were prominent in social reform – Elizabeth Fry, for example. Quakers have exerted a deep influence on American life through their pacifism and belief in social equality, education, and prison reform.

A meeting of the Friends begins as soon as the first person arrives and sits down to pray. The atmosphere of the meeting house is one of peaceful silence and meditation. During the hour that the Friends are together, someone may read from the Bible or another religious book. They may share experiences with Christian significance. Two Friends (elders) chosen to be in charge of the meeting will show that it is at an end by shaking hands.