latitude and longitude

Locating a point on a globe using latitude and longitude. Longitude is the angle between the terrestrial meridian through a place and the standard meridian 0° passing through Greenwich, England. Latitude is the angular distance of a place from the equator.

Imaginary lines used to locate position on the globe. Lines of latitude are drawn parallel to the Equator, with 0° at the Equator and 90° at the north and south poles. Lines of longitude are drawn at right-angles to these, with 0° (the Prime Meridian) passing through Greenwich, England.

The 0-degree line of latitude is defined by Earth's Equator, a characteristic definable by astronomical observation. It was determined as early as AD 150 by Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy in his world atlas. The prime meridian, or 0-degree line of longitude, is a matter of convention rather than physics. Prior to the latter half of the 18th century, sailors navigated by referring to their position east or west of any arbitrary meridian. When Nevil Maskelyne (1732–1811), English astronomer and fifth Astronomer Royal, published the Nautical Almanac he referred all of his lunar–stellar distance tables to the Greenwich meridian. These tables were relied upon for computing longitudinal position and so the Greenwich meridian became widely accepted.

Chronometers, time-keeping devices with sufficient accuracy for longitude determination, invented by English instrument-maker John Harrison (1693–1776) and perfected in 1759, would gradually replace the lunar distance method for navigation, but reliance on the Greenwich meridian persisted because the Nautical Almanac was used by sailors to verify their position. The Greenwich meridian was officially adopted as the Prime Meridian by the International Meridian Conference held in Washington, DC, in 1884.