Antonine Wall

Roman line of fortification built in Scotland in 142 in the reign of Antoninus Pius (ruled 138–61). It was the Roman empire's furthest northwest frontier, between the Clyde and Forth rivers in Scotland. It was defended until about 200, after which the frontier returned to Hadrian's Wall.

The Antonine Wall was built as a shorter and more practical alternative to Hadrian's Wall. Running for 60 km/37mi across the Forth–Clyde isthmus, it consisted of a turf rampart fronted by a wide ditch. Rows of small pits which held sharp stakes (lillia) have been found in several places and may have been part of the defences. At least 16 forts garrisoned the wall and small fortlets and timber watchtowers were placed at intervals along it. The frontier was abandoned after the death of Antoninus Pius.