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Habsburg–Valois Wars (1494–1559) - events| 16 August 1513 | England, Holy Roman Empire, France, Spanish Netherlands | King Henry VIII of England and the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I lead the English expeditionary force to rout a French army attempting to break their siege of the fortress city of Thérouanne on the River Scheldt, the Netherlands, in the so-called ‘Battle of the Spurs’. | | 24 February 1525 | France, Holy Roman Empire, Milan, Italy | King Francis I of France's cavalry leads a rash attack on a large Habsburg relief force under Charles, duc de Bourbon, and Fernando, Marchese di Pescara, at the Milanese posession of Pavia, Italy; Francis is captured and around 14,000 are killed (including the Yorkist claimant to the duchy of Suffolk and the English crown, Richard de la Pole). The Habsburgs now dominate Italy until 1860. | | February–April 1536 | France, Savoy, Milan, Holy Roman Empire, Italy | French forces under Phillipe de Chabot, Admiral de Brion, invade Piedmont, Italy, taking Savoy, and, in April, Turin; they seek to gain the Italian duchy of Milan for the royal House of Valois, in the person of King Francis I of France's son, Henry, Duke of Orléans. | | 25 July 1536 | Holy Roman Empire, France | The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V leads an imperial invasion of Provence, countering the French conquest of Piedmont. The French under Anne de Montmorency, 1st Duc, retreat but stall Charles's advance, devastating the land by ‘scorched earth’ tactics. Charles besieges the Provençal port of Marseille. | | 18 June 1538 | France, Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Papal States, Swiss Confederation | King Francis I of France and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sign the ten-year Truce of Nice; they retain their conquests in Piedmont, Italy, the Duke of Savoy losing all his territories except Nice, France; Francis recovers Hesdin and gains Mirandola in the Romagna; the Swiss Confederation retains the canton of the Vaud. | | 14 July 1544 | England, France, Holy Roman Empire | King Henry VIII of England crosses to Calais, France, to campaign against King Francis I's forces in Picardy, in conjunction with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's invasion further east. | | May 1554 | France, Holy Roman Empire, Spanish Netherlands | King Henry II of France invades the Spanish Netherlands along the River Meuse; capturing the fortress of Marienburg, his army under Francis of Guise, Prince of Joinville, routs Habsburg imperial forces at Renty. | | 7 June 1557 | England, France, Spain, Papal States, Italy | Queen Mary I of England declares war on France, the enemy of her husband King Philip II of Spain; Pope Paul IV deprives the liberal imperialist Cardinal Reginald Pole of his office as papal legate in England. |
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