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Innocent III |
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Innocent III (c. 1161-1216)Pope from 1198. He asserted papal power over secular princes, in particular over the succession of Holy Roman emperors. He also made King John of England his vassal, compelling him to accept Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury. He promoted the fourth Crusade and crusades against the non-Christian Livonians and Letts, and the Albigensian heretics of southern France. |
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| In films about Francis of Assisi (like Franco Zeffirelli's Brother Sun, Sister Moon and Liliana Cavani's Francesco) Pope Innocent III is at least open to the reforms of Francis and his followers, but the medieval pontiff remains the leader of an institutional church that has lost its soul. More than 100 years later, Pope Innocent III ordered various warring factions in Rome to cease hostilities and coalesce under his authority. These developments coincided with the Gregorian reform -- extending through the pontificate of Innocent III -- which, for Levine, both de-monasticized and Christianized Europe. |
Innocent III
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