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Innocent IV

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Innocent IV (died 1254)

Pope 1243–54. Through the Council of Lyons (1245) he excommunicated and deposed the Emperor Frederick II, decreed the revival of the crusades and affirmed the authority of the popes in language even more unequivocal than that of Innocent III. In his papal bull ‘Ad extirpenda’ (1252) he authorized and controlled the use of torture by the Inquisition. He was the first pope to confer upon his legates a red hat, which was gradually adopted by all cardinals. He was born in Genoa, Italy.



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But in 1244, Pope Innocent IV escaped from Frederick's clutches and took refuge in Lyon in France, from which he launched a fierce ideological ca mpaign against the emperor.
"The Horseshoe Nail": Structure and Contingency in Medieval and ... by BRUCKER, GENE A. / Renaissance Quarterly
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