Norplant

Long-lasting hormonal contraceptive available in many countries 1983 (UK 1993), consisting of six silicon-coated rods inserted beneath the skin in a woman's arm. The rods release the progestogen levonorgestrel in controlled doses, preventing pregnancy for five years. It has a failure rate of 0.2 pregnancies per 100 women. It prevents pregnancy by thickening cervical mucus. The main side effect is irregular and breakthrough bleeding.

In some countries, especially in the USA, Norplant has been used controversially as a means of limiting the fertility of certain groups, notably black teenagers. In 1991 a Kansas state legislator proposed paying $500 to any woman on social welfare who would use Norplant.

In the USA 1 million women had Norplant implants 1991-1994. Of these 20% requested early removal because of side effects. There were 50,000 law cases pending in 1998, against Norplant's manufacturers. Complaints include interrupted menstruation and hair loss.