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13 January| 13 January 888 | Carolingian Empire, Bavaria, Italy, Provence, Burgundy, France, Germany [political events] | The deposed Frankish emperor, Charles III the Fat, dies and his empire is dismembered. German vassals declare his successor to be Arnulf of Carinthia, illegitimate son of Carloman of Bavaria; in Italy, Berengar, Margrave of Friuli, and Guido, Duke of Spoleto, contend for the crown; King Boso's son, Louis, holds Provence; Rudolph of Auxerre, Duke of Jurane Burgundy, establishes a kingdom of Burgundy; while in West Francia (which develops into the kingdom of France), surviving royal authority disintegrates. | | 13 January 1199 | England, France [treaties] | King Richard I the Lionheart of England and King Philip II of France meet on the River Seine near Andeli to make a treaty of truce: Philip concedes Richard's recent gains. | | 13 January 1257 | Holy Roman Empire [political events] | Richard, Earl of Cornwall, is elected King of the Romans by three of the College of Seven Electors. | | 13 January 1349 | Flanders [revolution] | Louis of Flanders takes Ghent, Flanders, and completes his suppression of the revolt of the Flemish weavers. | | 13 January 1668 | UK, Sweden, France, Spain, Portugal, United Netherlands [treaties] | The United Netherlands and Britain sign the Alliance of The Hague, whereby each promises to provide armed assistance if the other is attacked. They undertake to attempt to bring about a peace between France and Spain and, by a secret clause, aim to create peace between Spain and Portugal. The Triple Alliance is formed when Sweden signs up to the terms of the treaty. King Louis XIV of France views the Alliance as a betrayal by the Dutch, creating tension between the two countries and sowing the seeds of ill relations in the following years. | | 13 January 1691 | England [births and deaths] | George Fox, English preacher and missionary, founder of the Society of Friends (Quakers), dies in London, England (66). | | 13 January 1838 | Canada, USA [political events] | William Lyon Mackenzie, leader of the revolt against British rule in Upper Canada, is arrested in the USA. | | 13 January 1842 | Afghanistan, UK [wars] | Most of General William Elphinstone's British forces are massacred by Afghan troops at Gandalak, Afghanistan, in the Second Afghan War. | | 13 January 1893 | UK [political parties] | The Independent Labour Party is formed under (James) Keir Hardie at a conference in Bradford, England. | | 13 January 1898 | France [anti-Semitism] | French novelist Emile Zola publishes his ‘J'accuse!’/‘I Accuse!’, an open letter to the French president protesting that Alfred Dreyfus is the victim of an anti-Semitic plot. | | 13 January 1941 | Ireland [births and deaths] | James Joyce, Irish novelist and poet, dies in Zürich, Switzerland (58). | | 13 January 1993 | Iraq [wars] | Allied forces carry out air strikes against targets in southern Iraq following Iraq's refusal to remove missiles stationed south of the 32nd parallel (the Shiite exclusion zone). |
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