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3 January| 3 January 1648 | UK [law and government] | After a long debate in the English House of Commons, the ‘Vote of No Addresses’ is passed, which pledges to discontinue all negotiations with King Charles I of Great Britain and Ireland. | | 3 January 1739 | Spain, UK, South America [diplomacy] | The Convention of the Pardo attempts to settle Anglo-Spanish disputes over the asiento (monopoly) trade with South America and maritime quarrels: Spain agrees to pay certain damages but refuses to give up its right to search British vessels for smuggled goods and also demands unpaid royalties from the English South Sea Company. The British representative at the Convention agrees to recall the fleet from Spanish waters but subsequently this order is revoked, causing consternation in Spain. | | 3 January 1868 | Japan [political events] | The Tokugawa shogunate is abolished in Japan, having ruled since 1603, and the Meiji dynasty is restored under Emperor Matsuhito. | | 3 January 1883 | England [births and deaths] | Clement Attlee, Earl Attlee, British prime minister 1945–51, a member of the Labour Party, born in London, England (–1967). | | 3 January 1892 | South Africa [births and deaths] | J(ohn) R(onald) R(euel) Tolkien, English novelist, known for his Lord of the Rings trilogy, born in Bloemfontein, South Africa (–1973). | | 3 January 1896 | Germany, Transvaal [diplomacy] | Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany sends the ‘Kruger telegram’ congratulating the Transvaal leader on suppressing the ‘Jameson raid’, and provokes a crisis in Anglo-German relations. | | 3 January 1945 | Burma, UK [World War II (1939–45)] | The British 14th Army begins a new offensive in Burma, aimed at clearing Japanese forces from the remainder of the country. | | 3 January 1980 | UK, Europe [statistics and demography] | A report shows that half of married British women go out to work, the largest proportion anywhere in the European Community. | | 3 January 1993 | USA, Russia [treaties] | The US president George Bush and the Russian president Boris Yeltsin sign the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START II), committing the USA and Russia to dismantle two-thirds of their nuclear warheads. |
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