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9 January| 9 January 1522 | Papal States, Italy [political events] | Following the death of Pope Leo X on 1 December, Bishop Adrian of Utrecht, Regent of Spain, is elected Pope Adrian VI. He is the last non-Italian pope until 1978. | | 9 January 1792 | Russia, Ottoman Empire [Russian–Ottoman Wars (1768–1878)] | Russia, deserted by the Habsburg Monarchy and concerned over Prussian intrigues in Poland, ends the Russo-Ottoman War by the Treaty of Jassy, obtaining the Black Sea port of Ochakov and a boundary on the River Dniester, but restoring Moldavia, Bessarabia, and Wallachia to the Ottomans. | | 9 January 1799 | UK [taxation] | The British prime minister William Pitt the Younger introduces the first income tax in Britain, to finance the war against France, at a rate of 10% on all incomes over £200 per year. | | 9 January 1839 | France [photography] | French physicist Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre announces to the French Academy of Arts and Science that he can produce permanent positive images on a copper plate coated with silver iodide that is exposed to bright sunlight for 20–30 minutes. The image is developed with mercury vapour, and fixed in a salt solution. His ‘daguerreotype’ proves to be a dead end, overtaken by William Henry Fox Talbot's production of a photographic negative a few weeks later. | | 9 January 1873 | England, France [births and deaths] | Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (Napoleon III), emperor of France 1852–71, dies in Chislehurst, Kent, England (64). | | 9 January 1878 | Italy [political events] | Humbert I succeeds as king of Italy on the death of Victor Emmanuel II. | | 9 January 1908 | [births and deaths] | Simone de Beauvoir, French existentialist writer, philosopher, and feminist, born in Paris, France (–1986). | | 9 January 1913 | [births and deaths] | Richard M(ilhous) Nixon, 37th president of the USA 1969–74, a Republican, the first president to resign, born in Yorba Linda, California (–1994). | | 9 January 1957 | UK [television] | Detector vans are introduced in Britain by the General Post Office to identify television licence fee dodgers. | | 9 January 1996 | Chechnya, Russia [political events] | Rebels from the breakaway Russian republic of Chechnya take 3,000 people hostage in the Russian town of Kizlar, demanding withdrawal of Russian troops from Chechnya. The following day 2,870 hostages are released, and the remainder transported towards Chechnya. | | 9 January 1999 | USA [astronomy] | Astronomers from San Francisco State University announce the discovery of three more planets orbiting around neighbouring stars, bringing the total number of known planets outside our Solar System to 17. |
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