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10 July| 10 July 138 | Roman Empire, Italy [births and deaths] | Hadrian, Roman emperor 117–138, dies in Baiae, near Naples (62). He had moved into his villa at Tibur while his vast mausoleum was being built on the banks of the River Tiber in Rome, before retiring to Baiae to see the sea for a last time. | | 10 July 1099 | Spain [births and deaths] | Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (‘El Cid’), Spanish military leader and national hero, conqueror of Valencia, dies in Valencia (c. 56). | | 10 July 1296 | Scotland, England [Anglo–Scottish Wars 1296–1371)] | John de Balliol, King of Scotland, surrenders to King Edward I of England and abdicates. | | 10 July 1509 | France [births and deaths] | John Calvin (French: Jean Calvin or Cauvin), leading French Protestant Reformer, whose doctrines are expressed in his Institutio Christianae religionis/Institutes of the Christian Religion, born in Noyon, Picardy, France (–1564). | | 10 July 1553 | England [political events] | Following the death of King Edward VI of England on 6 July, the Protestant Lady Jane Grey is unwillingly proclaimed queen of England by her father-in-law, the Duke of Northumberland, de facto regent for the late boy king. Mary Tudor, the heir apparent, a Catholic, flees Hunsdon, Hertfordshire, and, though assaulted in Protestant Cambridge, reaches Framlingham, Suffolk, and musters support. | | 10 July 1559 | France, England [political events] | Following the death of King Henry II of France, his sickly son, Francis II, succeeds him, but Francis, duke of Guise, and his brother Charles, cardinal of Lorraine, hold the real power. They promote the claim of Francis's wife, Mary Queen of Scots, to the throne of England. | | 10 July 1850 | USA [elections] | Following the death of US president Zachary Taylor of cholera the previous day, he is succeeded by Vice-President Millard Fillmore, who is sworn as 13th president of the USA. | | 10 July 1851 | France [births and deaths] | Louis Daguerre, French painter and physicist who invented the first practical method of photography, the daguerreotype, dies in Bry-sur-Marne, France (62). | | 10 July 1871 | France [births and deaths] | Marcel Proust, French novelist who writes A la recherche du temps perdu/Remembrance of Things Past (1913–27), born in Auteuil, France (–1922). | | 10 July 1925 | USSR [newspapers] | The Tass (Telegrafnoe Agentsvo Sovetsovo Soyuza) press agency is founded in the USSR. | | 10 July–18 August 1940 | UK, Germany [World War II (1939–45)] | Bomber and fighter aircraft of the German Luftwaffe (air force) attack shipping convoys in British waters and English ports, in the first phase of the Battle of Britain. | | 10 July 1943 | USA [births and deaths] | Arthur Ashe, US tennis player and the first black man to win a major men's singles championship, born in Richmond, Virginia (–1993). | | 10 July 1958 | UK [motor vehicles] | The first parking meters in Britain are introduced in Mayfair, London, England. | | 10 July 1962 | USA, Europe [communications] | The US communications satellite Telstar is launched for the American Telephone and Telegraph company (AT&T) by the National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) from Cape Canaveral, Florida. Weighing 77 kg/170 lb and orbiting the Earth every 158 minutes, it is designed to receive a signal from the ground, amplify it, and then relay it to another ground station. Live television pictures of the chairman of the American Telephone and Telegraph company (AT&T) are transmitted from Andover, Maine, to Goonhilly Down, Cornwall, southwest England, and Brittany, France. Transmissions last only 15 minutes per orbit but they are the first to connect the television networks of Europe and North America. | | 10 July 1973 | Bahamas, UK [decolonization] | The Bahamas achieve independence within the Commonwealth after almost 300 years of British colonial rule. |
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