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24 July| 24–28 July 1148 | Germany, France, Syria [Crusades (1095–1272)] | The Second Crusade lays siege to the city of Damascus in Syria but is forced to retreat because of lack of water, so bringing the disastrous crusade to an ignominious end. | | 24 July 1783 | New Granada, Venezuela [births and deaths] | Simón Bolívar, Venezuelan soldier who liberated Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Bolivia from Spanish rule, born in Caracas, New Granada (in modern Venezuela) (–1830). | | 24 July 1802 | France [births and deaths] | Alexandre Dumas (père), French novelist best known for The Count of Monte Cristo and The Three Musketeers (both 1844), born in Villers-Cotterêts, France (–1870). | | 24 July 1847 | USA [religious freedom] | The Mormon leader Brigham Young leads a group of Mormons to what is now Salt Lake City, Utah, where they establish their headquarters. | | 24 July 1908 | Ottoman Empire [law and government] | Following the revolt of the Young Turk nationalists in Macedonia, the Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II restores the Ottoman constitution of 1876. | | 24 July 1920 | [treaties] | The Treaty of St Germain-en-Laye between the Allies (principally Britain and France) and Austria (signed 19 September 1919) comes into force. | | 24 July 1923 | Switzerland, Greece, Turkey [treaties] | By the Treaty of Lausanne between Greece, Turkey, and the Allies, ending the Greek–Turkish War, Greece agrees to give up Smyrna, Eastern Thrace, and the islands of Imbros and Tenedos. |
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