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31 July| 31 July 1556 | Rome, Spain [births and deaths] | St Ignatius de Loyola, highly influential Spanish theologian, founder of the Jesuits (1534), dies in Rome, Italy (c. 65). | | 31 July 1750 | Portugal [political events] | Joseph I succeeds as king of Portugal on the death of John V. | | 31 July 1796 | Scotland [births and deaths] | Robert Burns, national poet of Scotland, dies in Dumfries, Scotland (37). | | 31 July 1886 | Hungary, Germany [births and deaths] | Franz (Ferencz) Liszt, Hungarian pianist and composer, dies in Bayreuth, Germany (74). | | 31 July–6 November 1917 | Belgium, United Kingdom [World War I (1914–18)] | The Third Battle of Ypres (the Battle of Passchendaele) takes place on the Western Front. British forces in Belgium advance about 13 km/8 mi, but at a heavy cost in casualties. | | 31 July 1932 | Germany [elections] | The Nazis win 230 seats in the election to the German Reichstag (lower legislative house). The Social Democrats gain 133, the Centre 75, the communists 89, the National People's Party 37, and others 44. The result is a stalemate, since neither Nazis nor Social Democrats will enter a coalition. | | 31 July 1950 | England [everyday life] | J Sainsbury's, the British supermarket chain, opens its first self-service shop in Croydon, South London, England. | | 31 July 1960 | Malaya [political events] | The official end of the ‘Malayan Emergency’ (British and Mayalan operations against communist insurgents in Malaya, beginning in 1948) is announced. | | 31 July 1991 | USA, USSR [treaties] | The US president George Bush and the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) to reduce their arsenals of long-range nuclear weapons by a third. |
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