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20 June| 20 June 840 | Carolingian Empire [wars] | The Frankish emperor, Louis I the Pious, dies shortly after an expedition to put down a rebellion by his son Louis the German. He is succeeded as emperor by his eldest son, Lothair I, who is immediately embroiled in territorial disputes with his brothers, Louis the German and Charles the Bald, over their share of the empire. | | 20 June 1547 | Holy Roman Empire, Hesse, Germany [Schmalkaldic War (1546–53)] | Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, the sole unconquered member of the German Protestant Schmalkaldic League, surrenders and is taken prisoner by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at Halle, but is assured of his life. | | 20 June 1667 | Papal States, Italy [Catholicism] | Pope Clement IX is elected, with French support, following the death of Pope Alexander VII. | | 20 June 1756 | India, Mogul Empire, UK [political events] | In the incident known as the ‘Black Hole of Calcutta’, following the capture of the city of Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), India, from the British by Siraj ud-Daula, nawab (ruler) of Bengal, surviving British defenders are imprisoned in a small dungeon in the city. It is subsequently claimed that only 23 out of 146 prisoners survive, though the circumstances of the incident remain controversial. | | 20 June 1789 | France [administration] | The National Assembly in France takes the ‘Tennis Court Oath’, undertaking not to disband until a new constitution is drawn up. | | 20 June 1837 | UK [political events] | On the death of King William IV of Britain his niece, Queen Victoria, succeeds to the throne. | | 20 June 1837 | Hanover, UK [political events] | The German kingdom of Hanover is automatically separated from Britain when Queen Victoria comes to the British throne because Salic Law forbids female monarchs, and the conservative Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, the eldest surviving son of George III of Britain, becomes king. | | 20 June 1919 | Germany [political events] | The German chancellor, Philip Scheidemann, resigns in opposition to the Treaty of Versailles, which dictates peace terms unfavourable to Germany. The Social Democrat Gustav Bauer forms a cabinet comprising Social Democrats, Centre Party delegates, and Democrats on 21 June. | | 20 June 1923 | [births and deaths] | Francisco ‘Pancho’ Villa, Mexican revolutionary who fought against the regimes of Porfirio Díaz and Victoriano Huerto, is assassinated at his ranch in Parral, Mexico (44). | | 20 June 1931 | UK, USA [diplomacy] | US president Herbert Hoover proposes a moratorium on World War I reparations payments and inter-Allied debts in response to the worldwide economic depression; a London protocol is drawn up to formalize the moratorium. | | 20 June 1960 | USA, Sweden [boxing] | In beating Ingemar Johansson of Sweden in five rounds of their fight in New York City, US boxer Floyd Patterson becomes the first boxer to regain the world heavyweight title. | | 20 June 1997 | USA [law and government] | In a landmark agreement, US tobacco companies agree to settle claims made against them by former smokers by paying $368.5 billion into a compensation fund over the next 25 years. This is in exchange for the industry's immunity from legal action. | | 20 June 2005 | USA [births and deaths] | Jack Kilby, US electrical engineer, Nobel Prize winner and acknowledged co-inventor of the microchip, dies in Dallas, Texas (81). |
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