Charles V (1500–1558)
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The last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned by the pope, in 1519, Charles V was also the emperor who recognized the claims of the Protestants within his empire. He is shown here, in a 1540 fresco, with his most important rival for power in Europe, Francis I, king of France, as they enter Paris, France, together.
Holy Roman Emperor (1519–56). Son of Philip of Burgundy and Joanna of Castile, he inherited vast possessions, which led to rivalry from Francis I of France, whose alliance with the Ottoman Empire brought Vienna under siege in 1529 and 1532. Charles was also in conflict with the Protestants in Germany until the Treaty of Passau of 1552, which allowed the Lutherans religious liberty.
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