So it was determined, by the late nineteenth century, that Ainu inhabited Hokkaido, the Kurile Islands and Southern Sakhalin; "Orok" and "Gilyak," Northern Sakhalin (with "Gilyak" territory also extending to the mouth of the Amur River); "Ol'cha," "Gol'd," and other "Tungus" groups, the fringes of the Siberian continent; the "Kamchadals" and Koryaks, the Kamchatka Peninsula; and Chukchi, the frozen approaches to the polar regions.