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Leo XIII

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Leo XIII, (Vincenzo Gioacchino Pecci) (1810–1903)

Pope from 1878. After a successful career as a papal diplomat, he established good relations between the papacy and European powers, the USA, and Japan. He remained intransigent in negotiations with the Italian government over the status of Rome, insisting that he keep control over part of it.

He was the first pope to emphasize the duty of the church in matters of social justice. His encyclical Rerum novarum 1891 pointed out the moral duties of employers towards workers.



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Lobbying began in Rome and in 1895 pressure from Cardinal Merry del Val, Cardinal Gasquet and Cardinal Vaughan plus a sympathetic approach by anglophile Pope Leo XIII gave rise to an international commission charged with the responsibility of examining the validity of Anglican Orders.
Originated by Pope Leo XIII in the 19th century after he had a traumatic vision of the spiritual battle for the soul of the church, he placed it at the end of every low Mass, and there it remained until the liturgical reforms of Vatican II.
And he notes that the reform of Catholicism from Leo XIII is an exception, as is that of the Council of Trent, the Council of Constance, the political-ecclesiastical reform of Hildebrand, and so on.
 
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