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9 March| 9 March 1325 | France, England [diplomacy] | King Edward II of England sends his wife Isabella of France to negotiate for peace with King Charles IV of France. When in France, she becomes the mistress of Roger Mortimer, exiled lord of Wigmore. | | 9 March 1454 | Florence [births and deaths] | Amerigo Vespucci, Italian-born Spanish explorer who participated in a number of voyages to the New World and after whom North and South America are named, born in Florence (–1512). | | 9 March 1513 | Papal States, Italy [political events] | The Italian churchman Giovanni de' Medici is elected Pope Leo X, succeeding Pope Julius II, who died on 21 February. He is pope until 1521. | | 9 March 1551 | Habsburg Monarchy [political events] | The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V settles the succession to the imperial title; his brother, Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria, king of the Romans (the German king) and Bohemia, is to succeed him, followed in turn by Charles's son Philip of Spain, and then Ferdinand's son Maximilian; neither Spanish nor Austrian parties are placated, and the compact is replaced in 1553. | | 9 March 1661 | France [births and deaths] | Jules Mazarin, cardinal, diplomat and statesman, first minister of France 1642–61, dies in Vincennes, France (58). | | 9 March 1846 | India, UK [treaties] | By the Treaty of Lahore ending the First Anglo-Sikh War in India, Britain gains territory beyond the Sutlej River, the previous boundary of British India. Punjab becomes a British protectorate. | | 9 March 1888 | Germany [political events] | Frederick III succeeds as emperor of Germany following the death of Wilhelm I. | | 9 March 1932 | Ireland [administration] | The Dáil (lower house of the legislature) elects Éamon de Valera as president of the executive council (prime minister) in the Irish Free State. | | 9 March–16 June 1933 | USA [administration] | The US Congress begins a special session to deal with economic and social problems, granting President Franklin D Roosevelt control over gold and silver bullion and foreign exchange. It passes 15 major bills during the ‘Hundred Days’. | | 9 March 1934 | [births and deaths] | Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin, Soviet cosmonaut and the first person to travel in space, born near Gzhatsk, Russia (–1968). | | 9–19 March 2002 | Zimbabwe [elections] | Robert Mugabe claims re-election as president of Zimbabwe after a campaign marred by alleged ballot rigging and intimidation of opponents of the ruling ZANU-PF regime. International condemnation of the result is reinforced by Zimbabwe's suspension from the Commonwealth for a year, a move backed by the influential African states of Nigeria and South Africa. |
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