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13 November| 13 November 1002 | England [political events] | The ‘St Brice's day massacre’ takes place in England. Danes resident in southern England are massacred at the instigation of King Aethelred of England. | | 13 November 1239 | Ayyubid Sultanate, Egypt, Kingdom of Jerusalem [Crusades (1095–1272)] | King Theobald of Navarre's crusading army is defeated by the Egyptians at Gaza; subsequent negotiations, however, result in modest territorial gains for the kingdom of Jerusalem. | | 13 November 1715 | UK [revolution] | The Scottish Jacobite rising known as the ‘Fifteen Rebellion’, in support of James Francis Edward Stuart (the ‘Old Pretender’), is defeated at Sheriffmuir, Scotland, and the revolt subsequently collapses. | | 13 November 1831 | Scotland [births and deaths] | James Clerk Maxwell, Scottish physicist who formulated the theory of electromagnetism, born in Edinburgh, Scotland (–1879). | | 13 November 1850 | Scotland [births and deaths] | Robert Louis Stevenson, Scottish novelist who writes Kidnapped, Treasure Island, and The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, born in Edinburgh, Scotland (–1894). | | 13 November 1868 | Italy, France [births and deaths] | Gioacchino Rossini, Italian composer, dies in Passy, near Paris, France (76). | | 13 November 1885 | Ottoman Empire, Serbia, Ottoman Empire [wars] | Serbia invades Bulgaria following the union of Bulgaria and former Ottoman province of Eastern Rumelia, to force compensation for the territorial gains of its neighbour. | | 13 November 1913 | Greece, Anatolia, Ottoman Empire [treaties] | A Greek–Ottoman peace treaty following the Second Balkan War allows Greece to absorb Crete and all the Aegean islands except Tenedos, Imbros, and the Dodecanese. | | 13 November 1945 | France [political events] | General Charles de Gaulle is elected president of France's post-World War II provisional government in Paris. |
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