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23 November| 23 November 912 | Saxony [births and deaths] | Otto I, Duke of Saxony 936–961 (as Otto II), German king 936–973, and Emperor 962–973, born (–973). | | 23 November 1270 | France, Sicily [Crusades (1095–1272)] | The Eighth Crusade fleet is destroyed by a storm at Trapani, Sicily, preventing Charles of Anjou, King of Sicily and leader of the crusade, from directing it towards Constantinople. | | 23 November 1531 | Swiss Confederation [political events] | The Peace of Kappel ends the war in the Swiss Confederation between the Catholic Christian Union and Protestant Civic League cantons; each canton and territory gains the right to worship as they choose, recognizing that the Confederation will be divided between Protestant and Catholic cantons. | | 23–25 November 1863 | USA, Confederate States of America [American Civil War (1861–65)] | Union forces attain command of a crucial railway junction at the Battle of Chattanooga, Tennessee, thus strengthening the Union's grip on Confederate supply lines. | | 23 November 1890 | Luxembourg, Netherlands [political events] | On the death of William III and the accession of Queen Wilhelmina, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is separated from the Netherlands. | | 23 November 1891 | Brazil [revolution] | The autocratic president of Brazil Deodoroda Fonseca is driven from office by a naval revolt and is succeeded by Florians Peixoto, who also governs dictatorially. | | 23 November 1945 | USA [World War II (1939–45)] | All rationing stops in the USA, with the exception of sugar. Food remains scarce everywhere else and the black market continues to exist throughout Europe. | | 23 November 1964 | UK [radio] | Radio Manx becomes the first commercial radio station to broadcast in the UK. | | 23 November 1983 | USSR [diplomacy] | The USSR delegation walks out of the arms limitation talks in Geneva following the deployment of US missiles in Europe. The next day, President Yuri Andropov announces that the USSR will increase the number of its submarine missiles targeted at the USA. | | 23 November 1998 | Europe [legislation] | The European Commission ends the ban on the export of British beef imposed in March 1996 after the discovery of the link between BSE and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, a fatal illness affecting humans. The ban formally comes to an end on 1 August 1999. | | 23 November 2002 | [sailing] | English sailor Ellen MacArthur becomes the first Briton to win the Route de Rhum solo transatlantic yachting race from St Malo, France, to Guadeloupe, and in a record time of 13 days, 13 hours and 31 minutes. |
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