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14 October| 14 October 54 | Roman Empire [political events] | Nero, 16-year-old stepson and heir of the emperor Claudius, is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard, at the instigation of his mother Agrippina the Younger, Claudius's widow. | | 14 October 1066 | England [wars] | Harold II Godwinson, last Anglo-Saxon king of England January–October 1066, falls in battle against the Norman forces of William I of Normandy, at Hastings, Sussex, England (c. 46). | | 14 October 1318 | Ireland, England [Anglo–Scottish Wars 1296–1371)] | Edward Bruce, King of Ireland, is defeated and killed by an Anglo-Irish force under John de Bermingham at Faughard, near Dundalk, Ireland. | | 14 October 1529 | Ottoman Empire, Austria, Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire, Hungary [Habsburg–Ottoman Wars (1525–1718)] | The Ottoman sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent is forced by stiff resistance and the onset of autumn to raise the siege of Vienna, capital of Austria; he retreats with heavy losses. Despite this, his ally and Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria's rival for the Hungarian crown, Janos Zápolya, remains in possession of the Hungarian capital Buda (now Budapest) and most of the country. | | 14 October 1633 | England [births and deaths] | James II, King of Great Britain 1685–88, son of Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria, deposed in the Glorious Revolution (1688), born in London, England (–1701). | | 14 October 1758 | Austria, Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire, Prussia, Saxony, Germany [Seven Years War (1754–62)] | The Austrians gain a victory at Hochkirch, Saxony, against Prussia, in thick fog. James Keith, King Frederick II the Great of Prussia's brother-in-law, Ferdinand, Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, five other generals, and more than a quarter of the Prussian army are killed. | | 14 October 1806 | France, Prussia, Saxony [Napoleonic Wars (1803–15)] | The French emperor Napoleon I decisively defeats the Prussians under Prince Hohenlohe at Jena in Saxony; Marshal Louis Davout simultaneously defeats the Saxons under the Duke of Brunswick at Auerstadt, also in Saxony. | | 14 October 1807 | Prussia [legislation] | In an attempt to modernize Prussian agriculture, the medieval feudal system of tenure, in which peasants are tied to their landlords and the land they work, is ended by an Act of Emancipation. | | 14 October 1882 | Ireland, USA, UK [births and deaths] | Eamon de Valéra, Irish politician and revolutionary, president 1959–73 who takes Ireland out of the British Commonwealth, born in New York City (–1975). | | 14 October 1890 | USA [births and deaths] | Dwight David Eisenhower, thirty-fourth president of the USA 1953–61, a Republican, born in Denison, Texas (–1969). | | 14 October 1915 | Bulgaria [World War I (1914–18)] | Bulgaria enters the war on the side of the Central Powers. | | 14 October 1922 | USA [technology] | The Bell Telephone Company installs the first mechanical switchboard system in New York City. The exchange is called ‘Pennsylvania’. | | 14 October 1933 | Germany [League of Nations] | Germany withdraws from the League of Nations and its disarmament conference. | | 14 October 1944 | Germany [administration] | Erwin Rommel, German field marshal who commanded the Afrika Korps during World War II, chooses to commit suicide, in Herrlingen, near Urm, Germany, to avoid being prosecuted for his part in the attempt to assassinate Hitler on 20 July (52). | | 14 October 1947 | USA [aircraft] | US test pilot Major Charles ‘Chuck’ Yeager becomes the first person to fly faster than the speed of sound; he does it in a Bell X-1 rocket plane which reaches Mach 1.06 (1,207 kph/750 mph) |
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