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20 October| 20 October 1139 | Bavaria, Saxony, Germany, Holy Roman Empire [administration] | Henry the Proud, former Duke of Bavaria and Saxony, dies; his son Henry the Lion claims to succeed, but the king of the Germans, Conrad III Hohenstaufen, has granted Bavaria to Leopold IV of Austria and Saxony to Albert I the Bear of Brandenburg. | | 20 October 1600 | Japan [wars] | The ‘Eastern Army’ under Tokugawa Ieyasu, the leader of the ruling regency council in Japan, annihilates the rebel coalition, the ‘Western Army’, led by Ishida Matsunari, claiming to act for the underage Toyotomi Hideyori, at the pass of Sekigahara. Tokugawa hegemony is established in Japan. | | 20 October 1632 | England [births and deaths] | Christopher Wren, English architect, astronomer and geometrician, who designed Saint Paul's Cathedral in London, England, and over 50 other London churches, and founded the Royal Society, born in East Knoyle, Wiltshire, England (–1723). | | 20 October 1740 | Habsburg Monarchy, Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire,Russia, Germany, Saxony, Spain, UK, United Netherlands [War of the Austrian Succession (1740–46)] | Following the death of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, the last Habsburg emperor, he is succeeded in the Habsburg domains (by virtue of the Pragmatic Sanction) by his daughter Maria Theresa. She becomes queen of Bohemia and Hungary and archduchess of Austria. The succession is disputed three times. The first instance is by Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria, who is married to a daughter of Joseph I, the former emperor and older brother of Charles VI, and who is a claimant by the will of the earlier emperor Ferdinand I. The second claim is made by Frederick Augustus II, elector of Saxony (and King Augustus III of Poland), through his wife, the eldest daughter of Joseph I. King Philip V of Spain also disputes the succession, as heir of the Spanish Habsburgs, with a particular interest in the Italian provinces. Britain and the United Netherlands support Maria Theresa while Russia remains neutral. | | 20 October 1860 | Austrian Empire [administration] | The October Diploma amends the Austrian constitution, restoring the federal institutions as they existed before 1848. The Habsburg territories are granted considerable autonomy in the hope of conciliating the subject nationalities. | | 20 October 1883 | Peru, Chile [wars] | By the peace of Ancón, hostilities between Peru and Chile are concluded. Peru cedes territory to Chile, which is to occupy the disputed provinces of Tacna and Arica for ten years, at the end of which a plebiscite is to be held. | | 20 October 1944 | USSR, Yugoslavia [World War II (1939–45)] | Soviet and Yugoslav troops capture Belgrade, the Yugoslav capital, from the occupying German forces. | | 20 October 1944 | Philippines, USA [World War II (1939–45)] | General Douglas MacArthur of the USA, forced to evacuate the islands on 12 March 1942, fulfils his celebrated promise to return to the Philippines. | | 20 October 1952 | British East Africa, UK [political events] | Britain proclaims a state of emergency in its colony of Kenya because of Mau Mau nationalist disturbances, and about 200 leading members of the Kenya African Union (the political party led by future president Jomo Kenyatta, the alleged leader of the Mau Mau movement) are arrested. | | 20 October 1964 | USA [births and deaths] | Herbert Hoover, 31st president of the USA 1929–33, a Republican, dies in New York City (90). | | 20 October 1973 | Australia [civic and commercial buildings] | The Sydney Opera House, designed by the Danish architect Jørn Utzon, is completed in Australia. His highly original design – perhaps the best-known building in Australia – was controversial, and he left the project before building had finished. |
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