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8 October| 8 October 1323 | Italy, Holy Roman Empire [wars] | As a result of King Ludwig IV of Bavaria's claim of imperial authority in northern Italy, Pope John XXII asserts his right to confirm imperial elections and requires Ludwig to surrender the kingship of the Romans. | | 8 October 1739 | UK, Spain [wars] | Britain declares war against Spain after Spain refuses to adhere to the Convention of Pardo of 3 January. | | 8 October 1856 | UK, China [wars] | The Arrow Incident, when a ship flying the British flag is boarded by Chinese who arrest members of its crew, provokes the outbreak of the Second Opium War. | | 8 October 1912 | Montenegro, Anatolia, Ottoman Empire [Balkan wars (1912–13)] | Montenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire. | | 8 October 1945 | USA [technology] | In Waltham, Massachusetts, Percy LeBaron Spencer patents the first microwave oven, which is used in restaurants and institutions. | | 8 October 1967 | England [births and deaths] | Clement Attlee, Earl Attlee, British prime minister 1945–51, a member of the Labour Party, dies in Westminster, London, England (84). | | 8 October 1973 | UK [radio] | The London Broadcasting Company (LBC) becomes the first commercial radio station in mainland UK, ending the 50-year British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) monopoly of radio. The first channel, funded by advertising, broadcasts only news. | | 8 October 1982 | Poland [political events] | Poland's communist-controlled parliament bans the Solidarity union and forbids the setting up of new trade unions. | | 8 October 1993 | South Africa [political events] | The international community lifts sanctions against South Africa in response to African National Congress (ANC) leader Nelson Mandela's speech of 24 September requesting this. | | 8–31 October 2005 | Pakistan India [natural disasters] | A massive earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter scale strikes Kashmir, devastating Pakistani-administered areas of the disputed territory in particular. By the end of the month over 70,000 victims are thought to have died, with many remote areas yet to be reached by relief aid agencies. As the Himalayan winter approaches, more than 3 million people are without shelter, threatening to compound the humanitarian disaster. | | 8 October 2007 | [business and economics] | In the world's largest banking takeover, a consortium of European banks led by the Royal Bank of Scotland completes the €71 billion acquisition of Dutch bank ABN Amro. |
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