Ciskei

Part of the former independent Black National State within South Africa, independent from 1981 (but not recognized by the United Nations) until 1994 when it was re-integrated into South Africa, in Eastern Cape Province. The region covered an area of 7,700 sq km/2,970 sq mi, and produces wheat, sorghum, sunflower, vegetables, timber, metal products, leather, and textiles. It was one of two homelands of the Xhosa people created by South Africa, the other being Transkei; Xhosa is spoken here.

Brig Gqozo assumed power in a military takeover in 1990. Initially sympathetic to the aims of the African National Congress (ANC), he pledged to restore civilian rule, and called for the reincorporation of Ciskei into South Africa. He subsequently turned against the organization and was accused of repressing its supporters. In September 1992 Ciskei troops fired on ANC demonstrators demanding the ousting of Brig Gqozo; 28 people were killed and about 200 injured.

From October 1993 he refused to participate in ongoing constitutional negotiations, and, initially, threatened to boycott the first multiracial elections.