Russolo, Luigi (1885-1947)

Italian composer. In 1909 he joined the Futurist movement of Marinetti and formulated a music based on noise, about which he published L'arte dei rumori in 1916. His Futurist manifesto of 1913 expanded the orchestra to include explosions, clashes, shrieks, screams, and groans. He also invented the Russolophone, which could produce seven different noises in 12 different gradations.

Works Orchestral Meeting of the Automobiles and the Aeroplanes, Awakening of a City.