Santa Cruz, Andrés (1792–1865)
President of Bolivia 1829–34, 1839, 1841–44, and 1853–55. Strong-willed and conservative, he dabbled in political intrigue before and after his intermittent rule as dictator. He established order in the new state and increased expenditure on education and road building.
Santa Cruz was made a grand marshal after his part in the Battles of Junin and Ayacucho which brought about the independence of Peru 1824. Two years later Simón Bolívar named him president of Peru's council of ministers, but the Peruvian congress rejected him. As president, he formed the Peru-Bolivian Confederation 1836 but its economic and strategic power threatened Chile and Argentina who forced its break-up 1839.
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