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scientific publications - events| 1130 | England | The English monk Adelard of Bath writes Quaestiones naturales/Inquiries into Nature, comprising a series of 76 dialogues discussing scientific topics such as botany, meteorology, zoology, and astronomy. | | 1144 | England | The English scholar Robert of Chester makes a Latin translation of the Arabic Book of the Composition of Alchemy attributed to the 9th-century Muslim alchemist Jabir (Geber). This is the first such translation of a writing on chemistry. | | 1175 | Italy | The Italian scholar Gerard of Cremona makes a Latin translation from Arabic of Ptolemy's astronomical work the Almagest, having learnt Arabic especially for the task. It becomes the work's most popular translation of the Middle Ages. | | 1217 | Scotland | The Scottish astrologer and reputed magician Michael Scot makes a Latin translation of Alpetragius's Arabic Kitab al-Hay'ah of 1204. The work reintroduces many ideas of Aristotelian astronomy into Europe. | | 1272 | Spain | The Alfonsine Tables are completed and published by two Jewish astronomers working for King Alfonso X of Castile. They will be used to calculate planetary positions and eclipses for the next three centuries. | | 1274 | Poland | The Polish scholar Witelo Ciolek of Wroclaw, Poland, writes the most important medieval European treatise on optics, based on the work of the 11th-century Arab scientist Alhazen. | | 1314 | England | The Mappa mundi/Map of the World of Hereford Cathedral, England, is compiled. This is a famous symbolic map of the world showing Jerusalem at its centre, in accordance with the Bible. | | 1623 | England | The English philosopher Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam, publishes De augmentis scientarum/On the Increase of Knowledge, an expanded version of an earlier work, dealing with the philosophy of science and the nature of scientific knowledge. | | 1850 | Germany | German mathematical physicist Rudolf Clausius formulates the second law of thermodynamics in Über die Bewegende Kraft der Wärme/On the Driving Power of Heat. | | 1871 | England | English naturalist Charles Darwin publishes The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, in which he applies his evolutionary theory to humans and also elaborates the theory of sexual selection. | | 1889 | Germany | German aeronautical engineer Otto Lilienthal writes Der Vogelflug als Grundlage der Fliegekumst/Bird Flight as a Basis of Aviation, a basic work on aeronautics in which he shows that the curved wings of birds are advantageous for flight. |
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