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10 September| 10 September 954 | France [political events] | King Louis IV of France dies (c. 33). He is succeeded by his son, Lothair, the penultimate Carolingian king of France. | | 10 September 1167 | France [births and deaths] | Empress Matilda (or Maud), daughter of Henry I of England, consort of Emperor Henry V, thereafter claimant to the English throne, dies near Rouen, France (c. 65). | | 10 September 1538 | Holy Roman Empire [political events] | The principal Catholic German princes, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, his brother Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria and king of the Romans and Bohemia, George, Duke of Saxony, the dukes of Brunswick, and the archbishops of Mainz and Salzburg, form the League of Nuremberg, to counter the Protestant Schmalkaldic League. Joachim II, the tolerant elector of Brandenburg, stays out. | | 10 September 1697 | Spanish Netherlands, United Netherlands, France, Spain, UK [treaties] | The Nine Years' War or the War of the League of Augsburg comes to an end when France and Britain, the United Netherlands, and Spain sign the Treaty of Ryswick. By its terms all conquests since 1678 except Strasbourg, both on the continent and in the colonies, are returned to their previous owners. King Louis XIV of France retains Strasbourg but Lux, Mons, and Catalonia are returned to Spain and Lorraine is returned to Charles, Duke of Lorraine. William III is recognized as king of England, the Duchess of Orléans's claim to the Palatinate is given up, and support for a French candidate for the Electorate of Cologne is abandoned. In a separate agreement, a Dutch ‘Barrier’ is established. The Dutch are allowed to establish garrisons in eight fortresses in the Spanish Netherlands, including Mons, Courtrai, Charleroi, Namur, and Luxembourg. | | 10 September 1720 | UK [economic conditions] | The ‘South Sea Bubble’ (financial crisis in Britain) bursts. The South Sea Company, holding a monopoly over trade with South America, had offered in January to take over the national debt and this had led to financial speculation, especially in August, resulting in disastrous panic and ruining thousands of people by December. | | 10 September 1721 | Sweden, Russia [treaties] | The Treaty of Rystad is signed by Sweden and Russia; the latter acquires Livonia, Estonia, Ingria, and East Karelia, but restores Finland. Essentially, Russia acquires the best part of Sweden's Baltic provinces. This treaty confirms Russia's supremacy in northern Europe. | | 10 September 1846 | USA [technology] | US inventor Elias Howe patents a practical sewing machine; it revolutionizes garment manufacture in both the factory and home. | | 10 September 1919 | Austria [treaties] | Austria signs a treaty of peace with the Allies at Saint-Germain-en-Laye near Paris, France, in which Austria recognizes the independence of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, and agrees not to ally with Germany. Its name subsequently changes from German Austria to the Republic of Austria. | | 10 September 1919 | Germany [roads] | The ‘Avus’ autobahn opens in Berlin, Germany. The world's first controlled access motorway, it is 10 km/6.2 mi long. | | 10 September 1974 | Portuguese Guinea, Portugal [decolonization] | Portuguese Guinea gains its independence from Portugal under the name Guinea-Bissau. | | 10 September 1985 | Europe, South Africa [diplomacy] | European Community foreign ministers approve sanctions against South Africa, although Britain delays a decision until 25 September. | | 10 September 1989 | Hungary [political events] | Hungary begins to allow East Germans within its frontiers to cross freely to the West. | | 10 September 1990 | Cambodia [diplomacy] | Political and military groups in Cambodia, including the pro-Vietnamese government and the Khmer Rouge, agree on a peace formula to end the country's civil war. | | 10 September 1996 | UK, Switzerland [banking and finance] | British Foreign and Commonwealth Office documents show that $500 million worth of gold ($6 billion in today's prices) from unknown sources were deposited in Swiss banks during World War II; there is speculation that some belonged to Holocaust victims. |
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