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13 September| 13 September 81 | Roman Empire [political events] | Domitian becomes Roman emperor on the death of his brother, Titus. | | 13 September 1171 | Fatimid Caliphate, Egypt, Zangid Emirate [administration] | The last Fatimid (Shiite Muslim) caliph of Egypt, al-'Adid, dies. Egypt nominally becomes subject to the caliph of Baghdad but in practice is annexed to the Zangid emirate under the rule of Saladin, the vizier of Nur-ad-Din, Zengid ruler of Syria. | | 13–14 September 1515 | France, Italy, Venice, Milan, Swiss Confederation, Holy Roman Empire [wars] | Having seized Novara, King Francis I of France's forces, decisively aided by the Venetians, defeat the Swiss armies at Marignano, south of Milan, and so conquer the duchy; the supremacy of the Swiss mercenary infantry is brought to an end. | | 13 September 1592 | France [births and deaths] | Michel de Montaigne, French writer, creator of the essay as a literary genre, dies (59). | | 13 September 1598 | Spain [births and deaths] | Philip II, king of Spain 1556–98, and king of Portugal 1580–98, who brought Spain to the zenith of its power, dies in El Escorial, Spain (71). | | 13 September 1743 | Austria, Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire, UK, Sardinia, Milan, Italy [treaties] | The Treaty of Worms is agreed between Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, Great Britain, and Sardinia to expel the Bourbons from Italy, to obtain part of Milan for the Kingdom of Sardinia, and guaranteeing British subsidies to its allies in the War of the Austrian Succession. | | 13 September 1759 | France, England, North America [Seven Years War (1754–62)] | British forces under the English major-general James Wolfe bypass the French defences of the city of Quebec by scaling the Heights of Abraham from the St Lawrence River and defeating the French on the plains above the city. Both Wolfe and the French commander, Louis-Joseph, marquis de Montcalm, are killed, but French Canada falls into British hands with the capture of the city. | | 13 September 1806 | England [births and deaths] | Charles James Fox, first foreign secretary of Britain (1782, 1783, and 1806), dies in Chiswick, Devon, England (57). | | 13 September 1845 | USA [baseball] | The Knickerbocker Club, New York City, codifies the rules of baseball. | | 13 September 1874 | Austria [births and deaths] | Arnold Schoenberg, Austrian composer who develops a new ‘atonal’ method of musical composition, born in Vienna, Austria (–1951). | | 13 September 1882 | Egypt, UK, Sudan [wars] | The British general Sir Garnet Wolseley defeats the Egyptians at Tel-el-Kebir, Lower Egypt, and proceeds to occupy Egypt and the Sudan. | | 13 September 1923 | Spain [political events] | The Spanish soldier and politician Miguel Primo de Rivera becomes dictator in Spain (ruling under King Alfonso XIII) after a coup. | | 13 September 1957 | UK [theatres] | The Mousetrap, by Agatha Christie, becomes Britain's longest-running play, with its 1,998th performance, in London, England. | | 13 September 1966 | South Africa [administration] | Following the death of the South African prime minister Henrik Verwoerd on 6 September, he is succeeded by Johannes Vorster. | | 13–17 September 1974 | Netherlands [terrorism] | Japanese ‘Red Army’ terrorists in the Netherlands take French diplomats hostage in The Hague. On 17 September, France and the Netherlands pay a ransom for their release. | | 13 September 1998 | Bosnia-Herzegovina [elections] | Nikola Poplasen, leader of the Serb Radical Party, is elected president of the Serb republic in Bosnia-Herzegovina. |
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