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27 September| 27 September 1249 | Toulouse, Languedoc, France [political events] | Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, dies; he is succeeded by his son-in-law Alfonse of Poitiers, the brother of King Louis IX of France, marking the definitive integration of Languedoc into France. | | 27 September 1389 | Florence [births and deaths] | Cosimo de' Medici the Elder, financier and statesman, born in Florence, Italy (–1464). | | 27 September 1529 | Ottoman Empire, Austria, Habsburg Monarchy, Holy Roman Empire [Habsburg–Ottoman Wars (1525–1718)] | The Ottoman army under Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent besieges Vienna, the capital of the Habsburg archduke Ferdinand I of Austria; the march through flooded Hungary has taken over two months, allowing Ferdinand to rally veteran forces into the garrison. | | 27 September 1540 | Papal States, Italy [political events] | Pope Paul III approves the formation and regulation of the Jesuit Order (The Society of Jesus), as militant Catholic preachers under the Spaniard Ignatius Loyola, by the papal bull Regimini militantis ecclesiae/On the Governance of the Church Militant. | | 27 September 1601 | France [births and deaths] | Louis XIII the Just, King of France 1610–43 who, together with the Cardinal de Richelieu, greatly increased his country's political power, born in Fontainebleau, France (–1643). | | 27 September 1825 | UK [railways] | The Stockton to Darlington railway line in England opens. Built by George Stephenson, it is the world's first public railway to carry steam trains. | | 27 September 1917 | [births and deaths] | Edgar Degas, French artist known for his paintings, drawings, and bronzes of the human figure in motion, dies in Paris, France (83). | | 27 September 1936 | France, Switzerland, Netherlands [banking and finance] | France, Switzerland, and the Netherlands abandon the gold standard. | | 27 September 1940 | Germany, Italy, Japan [treaties] | Germany, Italy, and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact in Berlin, Germany, pledging mutual military and economic cooperation. | | 27 September 1970 | Jordan [wars] | King Hussein of Jordan, the leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Yasser Arafat, and other Arab leaders sign an agreement in Cairo, Egypt, to end the civil war in Jordan. | | 27 September 1993 | Russia [political events] | The White House in Moscow, seat of the Russian parliament, is sealed off by troops (telephone links and water and electricity supplies have already been cut off). |
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