KGB

Secret police of the USSR, the Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (Committee of State Security), which was in control of frontier and general security and the forced-labour system. KGB officers held key appointments in all fields of daily life, reporting to administration offices in every major town. On the demise of the USSR in 1991, the KGB was superseded by the Federal Counterintelligence Service, which was renamed the Federal Security Service (FSB) in April 1995, when its powers were expanded to enable it to combat corruption and organized crime, and to undertake foreign-intelligence gathering. Its main successor is the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB), which focuses on ‘economic security’ and combating foreign espionage.

The KGB had at least 220,000 border guards, with reinforcements of 80,000 volunteer militia members. Many KGB officers were also said to hold diplomatic posts in embassies abroad. Headed by General Vladimir Kryuchkov 1988-91, the KGB coordinated the military crackdown on Azerbaijan 1990 and on the Baltic states 1991. After the attempted anti-Gorbachev coup of 1991, reforms intended to curb the political activities of the KGB were introduced: its leadership was removed and KGB troops were placed under the control of the Defence Ministry; the presidential guard was removed from KGB authority; and government communications were transferred to the aegis of a state committee. Earlier names for the secret police were Okhrana under the tsars; Cheka 1918-23; GPU or OGPU (Obedinyonnoye Gosudarstvennoye Polititcheskoye Upravleniye/Unified State Political Administration) 1923-34; NKVD (Narodny Komisariat Vnutrennykh Del/People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs) 1934-46; and MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs) 1946-53. Smersh was a subsection. KGB successor's (FSB) director, since 1998, is Vladimir Putin.