St John, Order of

The castle of Rhodes, Greece. Built by knights of the order of St John (Knights Hospitaller) in the 14th century, it was an outpost of Christianity in this part of the Mediterranean, near to the coast of Asia Minor. The Hospitallers held it from 1306 until 1522, when they surrendered to the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.

Oldest order of Christian chivalry, named after the hospital at Jerusalem founded about 1048 by merchants of Amalfi for pilgrims, whose travel routes the knights defended from the Muslims. Today there are about 8,000 knights (male and female), and the Grand Master is the world's highest-ranking Roman Catholic lay person.

On being forced to leave Palestine, the knights went to Cyprus 1291, to Rhodes 1309, and to Malta (granted to them by Emperor Charles V) 1530. Expelled by Napoleon (on his way to Egypt) 1798, they established their headquarters in Rome (Palazzo di Malta).