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Turkmenbashi| Major Caspian Sea port in Turkmenistan; population (1995) 65,000. It is the terminus of the Trans-Caspian railway, and of pipelines from the Nebitdag oilfields. A rail ferry runs from here to Baku in Azerbaijan. Turkmenbashi's economy is based on petroleum; the country's largest refinery is located here, and the port is an important oil transshipment centre. The city's water is supplied by the Kara-Kum canal. |
| Turkmenbashi was founded (as Krasnovodsk) by a Russian military expedition in 1869. The settlement became the base for the conquest of the Khiva Khanate (see Khorezm). |
| The Amu Darya (Oxus) River emptied into the Caspian Sea at Turkmenbashi from the time of Genghis Khan onwards, until it changed its course in the 17th century and began to empty into the Aral Sea. |
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