Bacon, Francis (1561–1626)

English philosopher, politician, and writer, a founder of modern scientific research. His works include Essays (1597, revised and augmented 1612 and 1625), characterized by pith and brevity; The Advancement of Learning (1605), a seminal work discussing scientific method; Novum Organum (1620), in which he redefined the task of natural science, seeing it as a means of empirical discovery and a method of increasing human power over nature; and The New Atlantis (1626), describing a utopian state in which scientific knowledge is systematically sought and exploited. He was briefly Lord Chancellor in 1618 but lost his post through corruption.

In philosophy, Bacon's work on scientific method has been influential. At Cambridge he had found that the Aristotelian system taught at the time produced only verbal argument but no concrete results. He therefore decided that a new approach must be made to the whole problem of systematizing knowledge. A new instrument of thought, a ‘novum organum’, must be provided to replace the traditional organum (system) of Aristotle. So arose his great plan for the renewal of knowledge, the vast ‘Instauratio Scientiarum’, which he formed at an early age and sketched out in 1620 in the introduction to his Novum Organum. It was a grandiose scheme, of which only parts were completed.

First, there was to be a survey of existing human knowledge; the initial sketch of this was The Advancement of Learning, later revised and expanded in the Latin version, De Augmentis Scientiarum (1623). Second, there was to be a description of a new method of acquiring knowledge. The outline of this was the Novum Organum, which sets out the principles of the Baconian method: to discover the hidden, simple laws of the universe by gathering scientific data, and, by eliminating all its incidental attributes, to arrive at its essential causes. Bacon's scheme was to include a section assembling empirical data, another propounding solutions, and a final section extracting from these a new philosophy. Related to these projections is The New Atlantis, which, like Thomas More's Utopia, embodies a description of an ideal commonwealth. This makes some remarkable predictions about scientific inventions, including a kind of telephone. Sylva Sylvarum (1627), on which Bacon was working at his death, dealt with natural history, and was also part of the ‘Instauratio’.

Bacon, Francis (1909–1992)

Irish painter. Self-taught, he practised abstract art, then developed a stark Expressionist style characterized by distorted, blurred figures enclosed in loosely defined space. He aimed to ‘bring the figurative thing up onto the nervous system more violently and more poignantly’. One of his best-known works is Study after Velázquez's Portrait of Pope Innocent X (1953; Museum of Modern Art, New York).

Bacon moved to London in 1925, began to paint in about 1930, and held his first show in London in 1949. He destroyed much of his early work. Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion (about 1944; Tate Gallery, London) is an early example of his mature style, which is often seen as a powerful expression of the existential anxiety and nihilism of 20th-century life.