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campaigns of Alexander the Great (334–323 BC) - events| 336 BC | Greece | After the murder of Philip II of Macedon, his 20-year-old son, Prince Alexander the Great, becomes king of Macedon. He puts down rebellion at home and subdues the Boeotian city of Thebes. He is elected by the Greeks assembled at Corinth as their commander against Persia. | | 334 BC | Greece, Persian Empire | Alexander the Great of Macedon sets out on his conquest of the Persian Empire. He crosses the Hellespont with some 35,000 troops, visits Troy, and then marches east to the River Granicus where he defeats a Persian army commanded by the Greek mercenary Memnon. He subdues the Greek cities of Miletus and Halicarnassus and winters in Gordium, the ancient capital of Phrygia in one-time Hittite territory. | | 10 October 333 BC | Greece, Syria, Persian Empire | Alexander the Great of Macedon defeats King Darius III of Persia at Issus in southeast Cilicia and becomes master of Syria. Darius flees; his family are captured but treated well by Alexander. The Greeks send congratulations and a golden crown. | | November 332 BC | Greece, Egypt | Alexander the Great of Macedon enters Egypt, meeting no Persian resistance. He is greeted as a liberator. | | 7 April 331 BC | Greece, Egypt | Alexander the Great of Macedon takes the first major step in his Hellenizing process by founding the greatest of the cities he names after himself, Alexandria, in the Nile delta, Egypt. Many Greeks emigrate to these new cities. | | 330 BC | Persian Empire | King Darius III of Persia is made prisoner by Bessus, his satrap (provincial governor) of Bactria (northern Afghanistan), and is assassinated in July, just as Alexander the Great catches up with the Persians, who cease all resistance. | | 327 BC | India | Alexander the Great marries Roxana, the captured princess of a Bactrian chief. He invades India, with the intent of securing trade routes, and defeats the Indian king Porus in a well-contested battle on the River Hydaspes. At Samarkand in the early months of the year, Alexander kills his foster-brother Clitus who dares to criticize him. A plot against him is discovered but suppressed. | | 326 BC | India | Alexander the Great reaches his farthest point in the east, the River Hyphasis in India where his Macedonian troops refuse to go any further. He retraces his steps to the River Hydaspes, and, by water and land, retreats down the river and then down the River Indus to the sea. He is seriously wounded at the siege of the capital of a local Indian tribe, the Malli. | | 325 BC | Persian Empire | Alexander the Great reaches the Indian Ocean. With his army of perhaps 30,000, he makes a difficult retreat westwards along the coast and through the desert of Gedrosia (modern Makran, Pakistan). His army reaches the Persian capital of Persepolis in December, while his navy, under the Macedonian general Nearchus, reaches Susa, Persia, in the same month. | | 323 BC | Babylon | Alexander the Great reaches Babylon, which he intends to develop as the capital of his empire, and plans the conquest of Arabia. On reaching Babylon, he is met by deputations from most of the western Mediterranean peoples, fearful that the great king now intends to conquer Europe. |
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