Evidence for the importance of oxidant stress responses to cardiovascular effects is that antioxidant therapy is protective against the development of hypertension, aetherosclerosis, cardiomyopathies, coronary heart disease, and congestive heart failure (Dhalla et al.

Parts IV through VI offer modern perspectives on valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathies and heart failure, arrhythmias and conduction disorders, and cerebrovascular disease, including the evaluation of syncope in the elderly patient.

Common undocumented co-morbidities and complications (cc's) include alcohol or drug abuse, anemia due to blood loss, atelectasis, cachexia, cardiomyopathies, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cellulitis, dehydration, valvular heart disease, dehydration, hematuria, urinary tract infection, urinary retention, hyponatremia, renal failure, respiratory failure and post-op ileus or nausea and vomiting.